INDUSTRY COMPLIANCE WITH STORM WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION REGULATIONS: THE CASE OF TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY FACILITIES IN CALIFORNIA AND THE LOS ANGELES REGION1

ABSTRACT: Pollutants in urban storm water runoff, a significant and increasing fraction of pollutants in some waters of the U.S., originate from multiple activities. The industrial sector, one source category, is subject to federal and state-level storm water pollution prevention regulations, primarily General NPDES Permits that rely heavily on facility operators to identify themselves and develop appropriate site-specific pollutant controls. Degree of compliance is not readily determined and enforcement is inhibited because no publicly-available inventories contain data necessary to comprehensively identify facilities required to comply. This research evaluates the first stage of compliance, facility self-identification, concentrating on the motor-vehicle, transportation industry category using data at three scales: statewide, regional, and local or watershed. Data for California statewide and for the Los Angeles region show about 8 percent to 15 percent of motor-vehicle transportation facilities have complied with first-stage requirements. However, facility-specific evaluation in one Los Angeles County watershed suggests less than 50 percent of facilities in the industry conduct industrial activities of the kind covered by regulations; others need not comply. Results show strong variation by industry category. Second-stage compliance, follow-up reporting, is also evaluated for the Los Angeles region. About 17 percent to 34 percent of facilities completing first-stage requirements have also completed second-stage requirements.     

PUMP SYSTEM FOR IMPROVING RUNOFF RECORDS DURING WINTER1

ABSTRACT: Freezing winter temperatures can cause icing of outdoor weirs used to measure surface runoff. Ice typically forms in the notch and on the crests of short-crested V-notch weirs, causing incorrect gage heights to be measured. A method for reducing the effects of ice formation on weirs and weir pools using a pump is presented and evaluated. Warmer water from the bottom of the weir pool is pumped to the surface, reducing the opportunity for the water surface to freeze. The pump is shown to work except under extremely cold conditions, improving runoff records from 27 percent to 60 percent. The pump system has no practical effect on measured gage height. Frequency distributions of flow rates and air temperatures under measured ice-free and other weir conditions are presented. Suggestions for use of the pump system under temperature conditions other than those in this study are given.     

COMPARISON OF 1-D AND 2-D MODELING OF OVERLAND RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT1

ABSTRACT: One-dimensional and two-dimensional modeling approaches were compared for their abilities in predicting overland runoff and sediment transport. Both 1-D and 2-D models were developed to test the hypothesis that the 2-D modeling approach could improve the model predictions over the 1-P approach, based on the same mathematical representations of physical processes for runoff and sediment transport. The models developed in this study were applied to overland areas with cross slopes. A hypothetical case and an experimental study reported by Storm (1991) were used. Based on the simulation results from the selected hypothetical case and experimental study, the 2-D model provided better representation of spatial distribution of flow depths and sediment concentrations than the 1-D model. However, no significant differences in predictions of total runoff volume and sediment yield at the outlet area were found between the 1-D and 2-D models.     

Runoff and soil loss from steep slopes treated with low cost bioengineering measures

Soil loss and surface runoff patterns were studied in erosion plots developed on manmade steep slopes (60 percent) over three years (1997–2000) in which rainfall ranged from 1338.4 to 1429.2 mm/year. Surface runoff and soil loss was examined under three different rainfall intensity classes. Runoff was mainly controlled by the rainfall distribution pattern on the seasonal scale. The soil loss was influenced by runoff during the first year. Both soil loss and runoff were reduced due to bioengineering measures in the first year irrespective of species planted. In the third year, combined effects of growth of grasses on protected plots, soil compaction and sediment exhaustion was noticed on runoff and soil loss. This was reflected by reduction in the runoff and soil loss from untreated and treated plots. In the high intensity class, reduction in runoff in treated plots was about 50 percent in three years and reduction in soil loss ranged between 94–95 percent in all plots. Physical treatment with brushwood structures was more efficient in erosion control in the low intensity class.     

NWSRFS CALIBRATION PARAMETER SELECTION AND GEOLOGIC REASONING: PACIFIC NORTHWEST CASES1

ABSTRACT: The National Weather Service River Forecast System (NWSRFS) is the new hydrologic prediction model for the National Weather Service (NWS) and provides guidance to meteorologists who issue NWS Flood Warnings to the public. The primary submodel within NWSRFS is the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) model, which predicts surface runoff as a function of meteorological, geological, and soil data calibrated over a watershed. The research presented here focuses on a different approach to NWSRFS calibrations: greater utilization of geologic and soil data, in order to give the model better predictive capability. Geologic understanding can create better insights for the initial estimation and subsequent adjustment of SAC-SMA parameters. Fifteen calibrated Pacific Northwest drainages reveal a variety of hydrogeologic responses. For example, results for the Mount Rainier drainages show the complex interaction between active glaciers, impermeable volcanic surfaces, and glacial sedimentary valleys. Unweathered volcanic terrains show flashy peak flows, fast flow recessions, and low baseflow. Sedimentary terrains display subdued peak flows, slow flow recessions, and higher baseflow. Operational implementation of these calibrations at the NWS's Northwest River Forecast Center has yielded more accurate predictive results since 1995. NWS hydrologic forecasters nationwide could benefit from using drainage basin geologic characteristics in understanding and improving model calibrations and real time forecasts.     

污水地下渗滤系统基质床特性模拟

为提高污水地下渗滤系统(Subsurface Waste-water Infiltration System,SWIS)的生物脱氮效率,改进了基质床体结构组成,采用土柱模拟试验对比了基质床改进前后ORP特征及氨化、硝化及反硝化细菌数量的变化。结果表明,在地下渗滤系统中,氨氮的去除率(Q)随基质层深度的变化规律为Q(100 cm)Q(80 cm)Q(20 cm)≈Q(40 cm)Q(60 cm)。改进后基质铺设顺序依次为:0~60 cm填充炉渣和草甸棕壤(两者体积比为3∶7),60~130 cm铺设活性污泥、炉渣和草甸棕壤(三者体积比为1∶2∶7)。基质床结构组成改进后,20~60 cm区域氧化电位(ORP)大幅提高,尤其60 cm深度处ORP从0提高到180 m V,有效促进了硝化反应的进行;床体氨化、硝化及反硝化细菌数量大幅度提高,对NH+4-N及TN的脱除效率分别较改进前提高了12.6%和10.5%,出水NH+4-N及TN质量浓度满足城市景观地表水水质标准(GB/T 18921—2002)。     

反硝化细菌强化潜流湿地的污水处理厂尾水脱氮试验

为了揭示反硝化菌强化潜流湿地的污水处理厂尾水脱氮效果及机理,以砾石、红砖碎块、钢渣、陶粒、土壤为湿地填料,茭白、梭鱼草、黑麦草、红叶石楠为湿地植物,构建了两套湿地系统,其中一套投加菌剂,另一套作为对照组,使用双总体t检验方法分析了投加反硝化细菌B8(Pseudomonas putida)菌液于水平潜流湿地系统的操作与生物强化湿地脱氮程度之间的相互关系。结果表明,将反硝化菌(B8)菌液连续14 d投加于水平潜流湿地后,在强化潜流湿地运行的58 d内,其NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和TN平均去除率分别为65.3%、94.2%和71.5%;而未投菌的潜流湿地的NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和TN平均去除率分别为28.2%、74.7%和43.1%,加入菌剂使潜流湿地氮素去除能力大幅提高。双总体t检验方法分析表明,在停止投菌运行的41 d内,接种B8细菌的湿地系统的总氮去除率显著高于未投菌的湿地系统(p0.05);但在停止投菌运行的58 d内,投菌湿地和未投菌湿地脱氮效果的差异不显著(p0.05),因此确定B8强化水平潜流湿地系统的投菌周期为58 d。     

长江上游森林植被水文功能研究

长江上游森林林冠截留量与林分郁闭度呈正相关，当亚高山冷杉林的林分郁闭度为0．7时(5～7月)，平均截留率为24％，当郁闭度在0．3时(5～7月)，平均截留率降为9．5％；从枯落物持水量来看，箭竹冷杉林最大(6．0mm)，藓类冷杉林最小(2．8mm)，主要因为前者有较多的落叶伴生树种和灌木。岷江冷杉原始林的土壤最大持水量、枯落物最大持水量、苔藓层最大持水量比皆伐后形成的其他森林类型要大2．3～17．2倍，从而具有更好的水源涵养功能。植被对径流的影响初步结论是，森林大流域的年径流量常常大于少林或无林流域的径流量；不同采伐强度径流量比较是皆伐迹地＞择伐迹地＞原始森林。与全国其他森林类型的蒸发散研究比较显示，长江上游森林的相对蒸散率较低，为30％～40％，这主要是由于海拔较高，降水量大所致。     

HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERIZATION OF WATERSHEDS FOR RUNOFF PREDICTION USING SWAT1

ABSTRACT: The use of continuous time, distributed parameter hydrologic models like SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) has opened several opportunities to improve watershed modeling accuracy. However, it has also placed a heavy burden on users with respect to the amount of work involved in parameterizing the watershed in general and in adequately representing the spatial variability of the watershed in particular. Recent developments in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have alleviated some of the difficulties associated with managing spatial data. However, the user must still choose among various parameterization approaches that are available within the model. This paper describes the important parameterization issues involved when modeling watershed hydrology for runoff prediction using SWAT with emphasis on how to improve model performance without resorting to tedious and arbitrary parameter by parameter calibration. Synthetic and actual watersheds in Indiana and Mississippi were used to illustrate the sensitivity of runoff prediction to spatial variability, watershed decomposition, and spatial and temporal adjustment of curve numbers and return flow contribution. SWAT was also used to predict stream runoff from actual watersheds in Indiana that have extensive subsurface drainage. The results of this study provide useful information for improving SWAT performance in terms of stream runoff prediction in a manner that is particularly useful for modeling ungaged watersheds wherein observed data for calibration is not available.     

一种新型的改进潜流人工湿地处理生活污水的研究

介绍了一种改进的人工湿地,该湿地在传统潜流湿地的基础上,提高水流曲折性,改用波形方式的流态,使污水反复多次地经过土壤基质,从而增强了吸附、沉淀的效果,更为有效地提高污染物的去除效果。通过实验将传统湿地和波形湿地进行比较,发现波形湿地出水COD和NH4 -N明显低于传统湿地。